Papers
Papers and official documents
The studies, drug labels, and government pages behind the library. Jump to a peptide, then open the link.
42 links across 24 peptides. Reviewed August 2026.
Semaglutide
STEP 1 · 2021
Wilding et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. PMID 33567185.
SELECT · 2023
Lincoff et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. PMID 37952131.
Prescribing information for Ozempic, Wegovy, and Rybelsus.
Tirzepatide
SURMOUNT-1 · 2022
Jastreboff et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. PMID 35658024.
SURPASS-2 · 2021
Frías et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. PMID 34170647.
Prescribing information for Mounjaro and Zepbound.
Retatrutide
Phase 2 · 2023
Jastreboff et al. Triple–hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity. N Engl J Med. PMID 37351564.
Ongoing phase 3 weight and metabolic outcomes (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Insulin
DCCT · 1993
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes. N Engl J Med. PMID 8366922.
Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment — annual living standards.
Tesamorelin
Pivotal trial · 2007
Falutz et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. PMID 18057338.
FDA prescribing information.
Teriparatide
Neer et al. · 2001
Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. PMID 11346808.
FDA prescribing information.
Bremelanotide
RECONNECT · 2019
Kingsberg et al. Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Obstet Gynecol. PMID 31599840.
FDA prescribing information.
Oxytocin
Clinical guidance on labor induction and oxytocin.
Intranasal reviews
Heterogeneous CNS trial literature; failed replications in several high-profile lines.
BPC-157
Preclinical tendon review · 2019
Gwyer, Wragg, Wilson. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. PMID 30915550.
Category 2 / withdrawn-nomination safety notes on BPC-157 (immunogenicity, characterization).
Advisory committee discussed 503A bulks listing for ulcerative colitis — recommendation is not a listing.
TB-500
Tβ4 wound biology · 2005
Goldstein, Hannappel, Kleinman. Thymosin β4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights in repair. Trends Mol Med. PMID 15967722.
Thymosin beta-4 and fragments are prohibited in sport.
CJC-1295
Teichman et al. · 2006
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-1 by CJC-1295 in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. PMID 16804041.
The approved GHRH analog — see Egrifta label.
Ipamorelin
Raun et al. · 1998
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. PMID 9849822.
Ipamorelin acetate — immunogenicity, characterization, published IV serious adverse events including death.
GHK-Cu
Pickart & Margolina · 2018
GHK-Cu peptide in skin remodeling and anti-oxidative defense. Biomed Res Int. PMID 30498412.
Cosmetic ingredient
Copper tripeptide-1 in topical products — a cosmetic, not a NDA.
Semax
Gusev et al. · 2005
Semax in acute ischemic stroke — originating clinical series. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr. PMID 15984102.
Semax-related bulk substances recommended for 503A list (non-binding).
Selank
Seredenin et al.
Anxiolytic tuftsin analog series from the Institute of Pharmacology.
Evidence standard
No FDA-reviewed anxiety indication; no large Western RCTs.
Epithalon
Khavinson et al. · 2014
Peptide regulation of gene expression and telomerase activity (AEDG). Bull Exp Biol Med. PMID 25403401.
Evidence standard
Lacks contemporary, independently replicated outcome RCTs.
Thymosin alpha-1
King & Tuthill · 2016
Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1 — hepatitis B and immune-adjuvant programs. Expert Opin Biol Ther. PMID 27392153.
Zadaxin literature
Approved in various countries; not a US NDA for commercial use.
MOTS-c
Lee et al. · 2015
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. PMID 25738455.
Human observational follow-up
Circulating MOTS-c versus age and insulin sensitivity — not an interventional literature.
Elamipretide
MMPOWER-3 · 2023
Karaa et al. Randomized trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. PMID 37268436.
Cardiolipin-targeting mechanism of the Szeto-Schiller peptides. PMID 24389208.
Collagen peptides
Dermatology RCTs · 2014
Proksch et al. Oral collagen peptide supplementation and skin elasticity. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. PMID 23949208.
Joint-pain reviews
Mixed, modest effects across osteoarthritis trials — heterogeneity of source and dose is high.
Melanotan II
Dorr et al. · 1996
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide, in a pilot phase-I study. Life Sci. PMID 8761332.
Dermatology case series
Nevus change and pigment events after unregulated tanning-peptide use.
Approved afamelanotide for EPP is not MT-II.
Kisspeptin-10
Dhillo et al. · 2005
Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in human males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. PMID 16234307.
Kisspeptin-10 — immunogenicity and insufficient safety information for proposed compounding routes.
AOD-9604
Obesity development
Metabolic Pharmaceuticals-era AOD-9604 trials did not achieve approval.
GH fragments listed among prohibited agents.
LL-37
Cathelicidin dual role · 2006
Dürr, Sudheendra, Ramamoorthy. LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family. Biochim Biophys Acta. PMID 16616139.
Rosacea literature · 2007
Yamasaki et al. Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin in rosacea. Nat Med. PMID 17676051.